Strict parenting increases risk of depression in later life

Children who perceive their parents as harsh have an increased risk for depression in adolescence and later life

Strict parenting | Mother scolding son
Image by master1305 on Freepik

Strict parenting can cause children to perceive their parents as harsh and that, in turn, can increase the biological risk for depression in adolescence and later life in those children, a new study has found.

Presenting the work at the ECNP Congress in Vienna, Dr Evelien Van Assche said:

“We discovered that perceived harsh parenting, with physical punishment and psychological manipulation, can introduce an additional set of instructions on how a gene is read to become hard-wired into DNA. We have some indications that these changes themselves can predispose the growing child to depression. This does not happen to the same extent if the children have had a supportive upbringing”.

Details of the methodology and findings of the study

The researchers, from the University of Leuven in Belgium, selected 21 adolescents who reported good parenting (for example, the parents being supportive and giving the children autonomy), and compared them with 23 adolescents who reported harsh parenting (for example, manipulative behaviour, physical punishment, excessive strictness). All adolescents were between 12 and 16 years old, with a mean of 14 years for both groups. For both groups 11 adolescents were boys meaning that the two groups  were comparable, with a similar age and a similar, boy-girl distribution.

Many of those who had experienced harsh parenting showed initial, subclinical signs of depression.

The researchers then measured the range of methylation at more than 450,000 places in the DNA of each subject and found that this was significantly increased in those who reported a harsh upbringing.

Methylation explained

Methylation is a normal process which occurs when a small chemical molecule is added to the DNA, changing the way that the instructions written in your DNA are read: for example, methylation may increase or decrease the amount of an enzyme produced by a gene. Increased variation in methylation is known to be associated with depression.

Evelien Van Assche said “We based our approach on prior research with identical twins. Two independent groups found that the twin diagnosed with major depression also had a higher range of DNA methylation for the majority of these hundreds of thousands of data points, as compared to the healthy twin”.

Childhood stress, too, can cause the similar changes in DNA

Dr Van Assche (now working at the University of Munster, Germany) continued “The DNA remains the same, but these additional chemical groups affect how the instructions from the DNA are read. Those who reported harsher parenting showed a tendency towards depression, and we believe that this tendency has been baked into their DNA through increased variation in methylation. We are now seeing if we can close the loop by linking it to a later diagnosis of depression and  perhaps use this increased methylation variation as a marker, to give advance warning of who might be at greater risk of developing depression as a result of their upbringing”.

In this study we investigated the role of harsh parenting, but it’s likely that any significant stress will lead to such changes in DNA methylation; so in general, stresses in childhood may lead to a general tendency to depression in later life by altering the way your DNA is read. However these results need to be confirmed in a larger sample”. 

Commenting, Professor Christiaan Vinkers, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, said:

“This is extremely important work to understand the mechanisms how adverse experiences during childhood have life-long consequences for both mental health and physical health. There is a lot to gain if we can understand who is at risk, but also why there are differing effects of strict parenting”.

Professor Vinkers was not involved in this work, this is an independent comment.

This work was presented at the 35th European College of Neuropsychopharmacology annual conference, which took place in Vienna and online from 15-18 October, see https://www.ecnp.eu/Congress2022/ECNPcongress. The ECNP is Europe’s main organisation working in applied neuroscience.

Magnifying lens over an exclamation markSpot an error in this article? A typo maybe? Or an incorrect source? Let us know!

1 COMMENT

  1. Isn’t the sample size of 21 adolescents who reported good parenting and 23 adolescents who reported harsh parenting, very small to derive so many conclusions?

LEAVE A REPLY

Please enter your comment!
Please enter your name here