However, choosing fertility treatment in another country is a significant decision. Patients often want to understand not only the treatment options available but also how clinics explain and manage costs. Clear information helps people plan their fertility journey with greater confidence and fewer surprises.

This guide explains how IVF in Greece typically works, the treatment options patients may encounter, and why cost transparency is an important factor when considering fertility care abroad.

Why Many Patients Consider IVF Greece

People explore fertility treatment abroad for several reasons, and Greece has become a popular option for international patients seeking IVF.

Several factors contribute to this growing interest:

• Experienced fertility professionals who specialise in reproductive medicine
• Patient-focused care, with attention to both medical and emotional needs
• Accessible consultations, including remote communication before travelling
• Clear treatment pathways, helping patients understand each step of the process

For many people, fertility treatment can feel overwhelming. Clinics that prioritise communication and patient guidance often help reduce uncertainty during what can already be a stressful time.

Understanding IVF Treatment Options in Greece

When researching IVF Greece, patients quickly learn that fertility treatment is rarely identical for everyone. Clinics typically design treatment plans based on individual medical history, fertility conditions, and personal circumstances.

While each case is unique, common treatment approaches may include:

• Standard IVF treatment
  Eggs are collected from the ovaries, fertilised in a laboratory, and the resulting embryo is transferred to the uterus.
• Assisted fertilisation techniques
  Certain laboratory methods may be used to support fertilisation when needed.
• Donor-assisted IVF
  Some patients may require donor eggs or donor sperm as part of their treatment.
• Embryo freezing
  Embryos can be preserved for future use, allowing flexibility for future treatment cycles.

Clinics offering IVF Greece services usually begin with a consultation to understand the patient’s medical background before recommending the most appropriate treatment plan.

The Importance of Cost Transparency

One of the biggest concerns for patients considering treatment abroad is understanding the full cost of care. This is where cost transparency becomes essential.

Fertility treatment often involves multiple stages, and each stage may include different services. Patients benefit when clinics clearly explain what is included in the treatment package and which services may involve additional costs.

Transparent communication allows patients to:

• Plan their finances more effectively
• Understand the services included in their treatment
• Avoid unexpected expenses during the process
• Feel more confident about their decision

In the context of IVF Greece, many clinics provide detailed explanations of treatment costs during the consultation phase. This helps patients gain a clearer understanding of the financial aspects before starting treatment.

Factors That Can Influence IVF Costs

Although many people search for a simple answer about IVF pricing, the final cost can vary depending on several factors.

Some of the main elements that may influence IVF costs include:

• The personalised treatment plan recommended by the fertility specialist
• Medication requirements, which vary from patient to patient
• Laboratory procedures involved in fertilisation and embryo development
• Additional fertility techniques that may be required in certain cases
• Travel and accommodation costs for patients visiting Greece for treatment

Understanding these factors early can help patients create a realistic budget when considering IVF Greece.

Choosing the Right Fertility Clinic

Selecting the right clinic is one of the most important steps in the IVF journey. When exploring IVF Greece options, patients often consider several aspects beyond cost.

Important factors to look for include:

• Clear and open communication from the clinic team
• Comprehensive consultations that explain treatment steps in detail
• Personalised treatment planning based on medical needs
• Support services that help guide patients through the process

Fertility treatment is both a medical and emotional journey. Clinics that prioritise patient support and transparency often help individuals feel more comfortable and informed throughout the experience.

Conclusion

Seeking fertility treatment abroad requires careful research and thoughtful preparation. For many individuals and couples, IVF Greece has become an appealing option due to experienced fertility specialists, structured treatment options, and a supportive care environment.

Understanding the available treatment pathways and the importance of cost transparency allows patients to approach their fertility journey with greater clarity. When clinics communicate openly about treatment plans and associated costs, patients are better equipped to make confident and informed decisions.

Ultimately, fertility treatment is about more than medical procedures. With the right guidance and preparation, patients considering IVF in Greece can move forward knowing they have the information needed to take the next step in their journey.

The post IVF Greece Guide: Understanding Treatment Options And Cost Transparency appeared first on Complete Wellbeing.

This article will discuss infertility: what it is, what options are available, and how to support yourself or someone you know who may be experiencing it.

What is Infertility?

According to the World Health Organization, infertility is a disease of the male or female reproductive system that is defined by the failure to achieve a pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. Infertility may occur due to male, female, or unexplained factors. Some causes of infertility are actually preventable.

A number of different factors in either the male or female reproductive systems can cause infertility. However, it is worth noting that it is sometimes not always possible to explain the causes of infertility even with medical examinations and interventions.

In the female reproductive system, infertility may be caused by a variety of factors. These may include:

• Tubal disorders, such as blocked fallopian tubes.
• Disorders of the ovaries, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome and other follicular disorders.
• Uterine disorders, which may be inflammatory in nature (such as endometriosis), congenital in nature (like a septate uterus), or benign in nature (such as fibroids).
• Disorders or diseases of the endocrine system, which includes the hypothalamus and the pituitary glands, can cause imbalances of reproductive hormones. Some examples of common disorders affecting this system include pituitary cancers and hypopituitarism.

In the male reproductive system, infertility may be caused by a variety of factors, including:

• Obstructions of the reproductive tract, causing dysfunctionalities in the ejection of semen. This blockage can occur in the tubes that carry semen (such as the seminal vesicles and the ejaculatory ducts). Blockages are usually due to injuries to the area or infections of the genital tract due to STIs.
• Disorders that result in hormonal imbalance, such as pituitary or testicular cancers;
• Testicular failure to produce sperm, for instance, due to varicoceles or medical treatments that impair sperm-producing cells (such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy); and
• Abnormal sperm function and quality. Conditions that cause abnormal shape (morphology) and movement (motility) of the sperm can negatively affect fertility. For example, the use of anabolic and other steroids can cause abnormal semen parameters, such as sperm count and shape.

Prevalence of Infertility in the United States

In the United States, around 9% of men and about 11% of women of reproductive age have experienced fertility problems. In one-third of infertile couples, the problem lies with the man. In one-third of infertile couples, the problem can’t be identified or is with both sexes. In one-third of infertile couples, the problem is with the woman.

Studies suggest that after one year of having unprotected sex, around 12% to 15% of couples are unable to conceive, and after two years, 10% of couples still have not had a live-born baby. Whereas, in couples younger than age 30 who are generally healthy, 40% to 60% are able to conceive in the first three months of trying for a baby.

Medical Options for Infertility

There is a range of medical interventions for infertility available, such as IVF, IUI, medications, surrogacy, and egg and sperm donation.

IVF

IVF stands for In Vitro Fertilization, a series of procedures that help with conception by fertilizing an egg with sperm outside the body in a laboratory. The name means “in glass,” referring to the glass dishes used in the process. The fertilized egg, now an embryo, is then transferred to the woman’s uterus, giving a chance for pregnancy.

IUI

IUI (intrauterine insemination) is a fertility treatment where washed and concentrated sperm are inserted directly into a woman’s uterus during her ovulation period to increase the chances of becoming pregnant. It is a less invasive and more affordable option than IVF and is used for unexplained infertility, minor sperm issues, or with donor sperm. The procedure is similar to a pap smear and is performed at a fertility clinic, often in conjunction with some fertility medications given to stimulate ovulation.

Medications

Infertility medications include classes of oral drugs like Clomiphene Citrate (Clomid) and Letrozole, which work to stimulate the pituitary gland to release hormones that promote follicle growth, and injectable gonadotropins (like FSH and hCG), which directly stimulate the ovaries to produce eggs. Other medications include Metformin for PCOS, and hormonal drugs to prevent premature ovulation or help men with testosterone levels.

Egg and Sperm Donation

Egg and sperm donation is usually used in conjunction with IVF or IUI when there is an issue with either the woman’s eggs or the man’s sperm. A donor donates either eggs or semen, which is then used in fertility treatment.

Non-Medical Options

For those who can’t afford IVF or for some reason have an aversion to medical treatment, there are some non-medical options. These include adoption, fostering, or even child-free living, which are all valid choices.

The Emotional and Mental Impacts of Infertility

Infertility can take its toll on a couple and can have a range of impacts, including stress, depression, stigma, and relationship challenges and tension.

How to Cope

There is a range of support available if you’re experiencing infertility. Professional counseling can be invaluable—consider working with a therapist or psychiatric nurse practitioner who specializes in reproductive health and can help you process the complex emotions that often accompany infertility. Many of these professionals have completed specialized training, including online psychiatric nurse practitioner programs, to better serve patients facing fertility challenges. Beyond professional support, peer support groups offer connection with others who truly understand your journey, while open communication with your partner, family, and friends provides essential day-to-day emotional grounding. Therapy, in particular, creates a safe space to explore the grief, hope, frustration, and other feelings that naturally arise during this difficult time.

Guidance For Loved Ones

If someone you know is experiencing infertility, it’s important you provide the best support you can. You should aim to do this without dismissing their feelings or being intrusive and prying too much. A gentle touch and gesture of support, as well as helping them with what they need, can speak volumes.

Conclusion

Infertility is a challenging journey that affects millions of individuals and couples, but it’s important to remember that you’re not alone. Whether you choose to pursue medical treatments like IVF or IUI, explore non-medical options such as adoption, or seek emotional support through therapy and support groups, there are pathways forward. The key is finding what works best for you and your circumstances. Don’t hesitate to reach out for professional help, lean on your support network, and give yourself grace as you navigate this difficult experience. With the right resources, support, and information, many people facing infertility find their way to building the family they’ve always dreamed of—or discover unexpected fulfillment in alternative paths.

The post Infertility: Options, Support, and Hope for the Future appeared first on Complete Wellbeing.

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can expose the fetus to a group of conditions called fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Babies born with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders could develop learning disabilities, behavioral problems or speech and language delays.

“Unfortunately, many pregnant women are unaware of the influence of alcohol on the fetus during pregnancy. Therefore, it is our responsibility not only to do the research but also to actively educate the public about the effects of alcohol on the fetus,” said lead author Patric Kienast, M.D., a Ph.D. student in the Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology at the Medical University of Vienna in Austria.

Details of the prenatal study

“Fetal MRI is a highly specialized and safe examination method that allows us to make accurate statements about brain maturation prenatally,” said study senior author Gregor Kasprian, M.D., associate professor of radiology from the Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy of the Medical University of Vienna.

For the study, researchers analyzed MRI exams of 24 fetuses with prenatal alcohol exposure. The fetuses were between 22 and 36 weeks of gestation at the time of MRI. Alcohol exposure was determined via anonymous surveys of the mothers. The questionnaires used were the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), a surveillance project of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and health departments, and the T-ACE Screening Tool, a measurement tool of four questions that identify risk drinking.

In fetuses with alcohol exposure, the fetal total maturation score (fTMS) was significantly lower than in the age-matched controls, and the right superior temporal sulcus (STS) was shallower. The STS is involved in social cognition, audiovisual integration and language perception.

“We found the greatest changes in the temporal brain region and STS,” Dr. Kasprian said. “We know that this region, and specifically the formation of the STS, has a great influence on language development during childhood.”

Even low levels of alcohol can harm the baby’s brain

Brain changes were seen in the fetuses even at low levels of alcohol exposure.

“Seventeen of 24 mothers drank alcohol relatively infrequently, with average alcohol consumption of less than one alcoholic drink per week,” Dr. Kienast said. “Nevertheless, we were able to detect significant changes in these fetuses based on prenatal MRI.”

Three mothers drank one to three drinks per week, and two mothers drank four to six drinks per week. One mother consumed an average of 14 or more drinks per week. Six mothers also reported at least one binge drinking event (exceeding four drinks on one occasion) during pregnancy.

According to the researchers, delayed fetal brain development could be specifically related to a delayed stage of myelination and less distinct gyrification in the frontal and occipital lobes.

Strictly avoid alcohol during pregnancy

“Pregnant women should strictly avoid alcohol consumption,” Dr. Kienast said. “As we show in our study, even low levels of alcohol consumption can lead to structural changes in brain development and delayed brain maturation.”

It is unclear how these structural changes will affect brain development in these babies after birth.

“To assess this accurately, we need to wait for the children who were examined as fetuses at that time to get a little older, so that we can invite them back for further examinations,” Dr. Kienast said. “However, we can strongly assume that the changes we discovered contribute to the cognitive and behavioral difficulties that may occur during childhood.”

The post Drinking alcohol during pregnancy? It can harm your baby’s brain development appeared first on Complete Wellbeing.

I know all this, because I was once you. Though there was no known medical cause, I had failed to conceive for many years and that often made me feel lonely and miserable. In retrospect, after conceiving spontaneously, I realised that there were things I could have done differently that would probably have made my journey a tad easier.

In this article, I am sharing with you a few of my insights in the earnest desire that it will make your journey a little easier.

5 tips to help you stay emotionally resilient during your fertility struggle

1. Actively seek support

A lack of moral support makes the fertility struggle worse. It’s like you are in your own little gloomy bubble, with often only your partner for support while everyone around you seems to be making pregnancy announcements or having baby showers. And you silently wonder to yourself why are you ‘left behind’ or when will it be ‘your turn’.

The problem is that infertility is invisible to those who have never experienced it. Only the ones who have walked this path understand and relate to the gamut of emotions that you feel as well as the innumerable ways in which it impacts your life. When faced with fertility roadblocks, we tend to seek out the best gynaecologist, IVF specialist, weight-loss expert, acupuncture expert and what not—but we also need to seek emotional support from those who can help us ride the emotional roller coaster that this journey entails.

I had a couple of  friends who were my ‘go-to’ people. But since they had not personally experienced fertility struggles they didn’t always have the right things to say, nor did they know how to offer support to me. Had I made it clear that I only wanted someone to hear me out and not suggest endless solutions or treatment options to help me conceive, they would have been able to be there for me in the way I needed them to be.

Seeking the support of people who are, or have been, in similar situations can help ease the anguish and also provide the much needed hope. Alternately, you can confide in a trusted friend or loved one and actively ‘ask’ for support. This could even be a parent, sibling, relative or friend— anyone except your partner. It is important that categorically ‘ask’ this person(s) to be the shoulder you can cry on when needed, and your cheerleader on other days. This will require you to be open and vulnerable at first, but trust me, it will give you the much needed support on your journey to becoming a parent, which you badly need. Make sure you choose these people wisely—they must be on your team.

2. Speak about your fertility struggle

This is one of my biggest regrets. I wish I had spoken about my fertility struggle when I was facing it. For me, it was the elephant in the room. When you have been married for a while and don’t have a child yet, people take it as an open invitation to ask you personal and uncomfortable questions. When such questions were thrown at me I just recoiled and either changed the topic or gave some random reply. However, had I been open to speaking about it frankly, it would have spared me the needless guilt and angst. On the few rare occasions when I did reply that I don’t have a baby yet, because I am having issues conceiving, I received an apology from the person for their insensitivity. A few women even shared how they had once faced the same. Talking about my struggle with fertility felt more freeing to me as well—not having to hide anything and not pretend that everything is fine in my world.

3. Be your own fertility advocate

On our journey to conception we consulted more than one expert and our experiences with each were varied. However, throughout the journey we made sure we only went ahead with a suggested medication or treatment if we both felt aligned. For example, we once met a renowned gynaecologist who went into a tizzy the moment I told her I have not conceived even after a few years of marriage. She suggested that I’m losing time even as we spoke and that—believe it or not!—I should get admitted immediately and undergo a procedure the next morning. While this may work for some, for us such undue pressure didn’t feel right. We were not wanting to work with a doctor who made us feel like we are falling behind in the race against time to have a baby. Plus, I was already anxious and did not want someone who would increase my apprehensions. So we told her we need time to think, and obviously changed our doctor.

4. Banish self-blame

We live in a world where becoming a parent is adulated as if it was a personal achievement of sorts (I fail to see why!), while those who willingly choose to remain childless are ostracised in many ways. Mothers are venerated as demi-gods who can do no wrong. And because we’re constantly receiving such messages from all around us, it conditions us to look at a fertility challenge as a personal defeat. Not being able to conceive becomes our ‘fault’. Along with the denial and sadness, comes the impulse to blame ourselves. And then we go looking for reasons in our life or lifestyle that are responsible for the situation. Thoughts like “I shouldn’t have waited so long”, “I should have lost/gained that weight”, “Why did I eat so much junk all those years?”, “Is there too much plastic in my food or chemicals in my cosmetics?”…the list goes on.

I, too, often found myself going down that road of self-blame, though I tried to remind myself that this is really beyond my control.

Your fertility challenge is not your fault. It’s just a card you have been dealt. A bad one, no doubt. But no different that those who have problematic skin, or thinning hair, or premature greying or a weak heart, or OCD or any other health concern. None of those are our “fault”, right? Likewise, difficulty or failure to have a baby is not your fault. Please say that to yourself as many times as you need to, and change your self-talk.

5. Check in with your male partner

It’s heartening that almost every woman whom I have spoken to who was facing fertility challenges, shares that their partners were their biggest support. Which brings me to an important aspect of the fertility struggle: how is your male partner coping? For me too, my partner was my rock, but I wonder how he stayed afloat and processed his emotions and anxieties about our life situation.

There isn’t much support out there for men who are going through struggles on their way to becoming fathers. And women struggling to conceive, it’s likely that we get engulfed in our own despair and forget to spare a thought for what our partners are going through, what they are feeling and how they are coping. Do check in with your partner from time to time. Also, just in case you discover that your fertility challenge is due to a health concern with the male partner, do not point fingers or make them feel bad about it [even in your weak moments]. If failure to conceive is not your fault, it isn’t his either. It’s just a bad card he [and you as a couple] were dealt.

Summarising…

While I may have regrets about few things that I could have done but didn’t during my ‘trying to conceive’ years, I do cherish that I did try to celebrate the little things that life was offering me, and always stayed hopeful.  I hope you are able to do the same and that there is a light at the end of the tunnel for you, just as there was for me.

The post How to stay resilient during your struggle with fertility appeared first on Complete Wellbeing.

Below we look at a few of the nutrients of focus for a well-planned vegan pregnancy.

Vegan sources of nutrients for a healthy vegan pregnancy

Iron

Key to red blood cell production, oxygen transport and energy synthesis, iron is an essential dietary mineral. Ensuring adequate intake of iron throughout pregnancy is of utmost importance, as this nutrient is required in greater levels during gestation.

Iron is available in two forms; heme (from animal sources) and non-heme (from plant sources). To put it simply, non-heme iron is not as easily absorbed by the body – meaning that it is advisable for those following a vegan diet to consume a greater amount of iron-rich foods daily.

Fortunately, there are many vegan sources of iron which include beans, spinach, lentils, mushrooms, peas, tofu and cashews.

To optimise iron absorption, it’s best to enjoy these foods paired with iron enhancers such as vitamin C or members of the Allium family such as garlic – and wait an hour or so either side of an iron-rich meal before consuming an iron-inhibitor. Iron inhibitors include tea/coffee, calcium supplements and cacao.

Omega-3 fatty acid

Crucial for baby’s brain and eye development, omega-3 is also associated with a decreased risk of preterm birth. This essential fatty acid may also reduce the likelihood of your child developing asthma.

A type of polyunsaturated fat, omega-3 is present in three forms: alpha-linolenic acid️ (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

Plant foods typically contain ALA, which our bodies are capable of converting into both EPA and DHA in small amounts. However, this conversion process is typically quite inefficacious – which is where supplementation can be useful. Sources of ALA include chia seeds, flaxseeds, hemp seeds and walnuts.

Microalgae provides a rich source of both EPA and DHA and is usually the chosen source for vegan omega-3 supplements. Of course, it’s always best to consult with a qualified healthcare professional to ensure correct supplementation for you at this special time.

Choline

A common deficiency in pregnancy across both omnivorous and plant-based diets, choline is a key nutrient in supporting foetal cognitive and central nervous system development. Choline is also supportive of placental health, reducing neonate stress reactivity and the transportation of nutrients across the placenta.

Vegan sources of choline include spinach, soy products, chickpeas, peanuts, broccoli, quinoa, wheat germ and shiitake mushrooms.

Folate

A member of the vitamin B family, folate is an essential nutrient for a well-planned vegan pregnancy. It is known as folate when found naturally in food, and folic acid when added to supplements and fortified food items.

Ensuring adequate intake of folate/folic acid in early pregnancy is crucial to reduce the risk of neural tube defects.

Natural sources of folate include beetroot, avocado, leafy green vegetables, legumes, strawberries and oranges.

Vitamin B12

Vegan diets require regular supplementation of vitamin B12 at all times, including pregnancy. This micronutrient is essential for many bodily processes, including DNA production and cell division. Alongside folate, vitamin B12 is also considered beneficial in preventing neural tube defects.

While some foods such as nutritional yeast and certain plant milks are fortified with B12, it is advisable to also supplement this nutrient daily. While most prenatal supplements will include vitamin B12, consulting with a clinical nutritionist or dietician is helpful to ensure adequate intake is met.

Protein

To support the significant growth and changes occurring within both you and your baby, it’s important to opt for quality plant proteins throughout each stage of pregnancy. Protein provides the amino acids that are utilised as the building blocks for your baby’s cells, as well as supporting both uterine and breast tissue growth throughout pregnancy.

While plant foods do contain all nine essential amino acids, they are present in varying levels. However, through consuming a moderately diverse array of plant foods, protein needs in pregnancy can be met on a vegan diet.

Sources of plant protein include lentils, beans, quinoa, nuts, whole grains, tofu and tempeh.

Calcium

As well as promoting strong teeth and bones, calcium is also beneficial for the muscular, circulatory and nervous systems of both you and your baby. Plant-based sources of this nutrient include low-oxalate greens such as kale, broccoli and bok choy, as well as tahini/sesame seeds, chia seeds, almond butter, calcium-set tofu, figs and calcium-fortified plant milks.

Vitamin D

Vitamin D also works to promote strong bones and teeth by enhancing the body’s absorption of calcium. Commonly referred to as the ‘sunshine vitamin’, the skin is able to endogenously produce the active form of vitamin D — cholecalciferol, through sunlight exposure. To support vitamin D levels throughout pregnancy, it’s best to aim for 10-20 minutes of sun on exposed skin at least three days per week.

Another form of vitamin D – ergocalciferol, is also available in mushrooms and some fortified plant milks.

Iodine

Iodine is required in greater quantities during both pregnancy and breastfeeding, as the thyroid increases hormone production levels. Achieving adequate iodine intake also supports the rapid brain growth of your baby. While sea vegetables offer a plant-based source, the levels of iodine may vary greatly between products – and hence it is generally considered safest to supplement with iodine throughout pregnancy and breastfeeding instead.

By ensuring adequate intake of these key nutrients as part of a balanced and diverse diet, a well-planned vegan diet throughout pregnancy is not only sufficient but is also incredibly healthy for both you and your baby. Of course, if you do have any nutritional or medical concerns, seeking the guidance of a clinical nutritionist or dietician is a wonderful support during this exciting life stage.

The post A guide to nutrition for a healthy vegan pregnancy appeared first on Complete Wellbeing.

A Google search for momo twins pregnancy throws up a lot of scary stuff that often leaves the expectant parents confused and overwhelmed. That is why I decided to share my momo pregnancy story. The prime intent for sharing my story is to help, and offer hope, to parents-to-be who are faced with this type of pregnancy.

The Good News

When I discovered I was pregnant, I was over the moon. The very next day, the nausea hit me hard with the morning sickness lasting all day. During my first appointment, my Obstetrician (OBGYN) got me to do a blood test called the beta-HCG to confirm the pregnancy. When the test results came back as a 4 digit figure [high!], she immediately suggested an ultrasound to rule out twins, because sky high beta-HCG levels too early in the pregnancy usually suggests multiples. However, the ultrasound confirmed a single baby.

The first trimester went by smoothly and the subsequent two follow-up ultrasounds showed a healthy, single baby and a single loud heartbeat each time.

How I Discovered the Meaning of MoMo Twins

At 12 weeks, I went for an NT scan. This is an ultrasound scan done to check for any chromosomal abnormalities in the baby. As the radiologist progressed with the scanning, he shared with me and my husband his observations—he said everything seemed fine with our baby. Then, as he was about to finish, he said he needs a few more minutes and looked intently at the screen as he moved the probe over my belly. In a few minutes, he uttered those words, after which life would never be the same: “Congratulations, you have twins”. My husband and I let out a gasp as we looked at each other wide-eyed.

Even before the news of twins sank in, the radiologist revealed that he can’t find a separating membrane between the two babies, which meant that both babies were in a single amniotic sac and shared a single placenta. [In lay terms, the amniotic sac is like a bag in which the baby grows and the placenta is likened to a kitchen from where the baby gets food.]

The radiologist didn’t seem pleased with this discovery and went on to inform us that this type of pregnancy is called a monochorionic monoamniotic twins pregnancy and it is extremely rare and is considered very high risk. He said one of the commonest issues with monoamniotic twins pregnancy was the risk of the babies being conjoined, but thankfully that was not so with our babies. However, because a pregnancy of this type comes with several risks, he believed my OBGYN will most likely ask me to terminate the pregnancy.

Dealing With the Shock

Both my husband and I were dumbfounded. My head was spinning with all this information. The doctor asked us to wait outside till he prepared my reports and we stepped out in silence.

When my husband and I found our voices, the first thing we uttered in unison was, “Are you OK?” Yes, we were heartbroken at the prospect of having to let go of a cherished dream (and now they were two!) but we were more concerned about how the other is going to deal with this emotional blow.

As we left the radiology office, we reluctantly accepted that this was a joy short-lived while a part of us was holding on to that faint glimmer of hope—especially since ours was a natural conception and not assisted. We decided to visit our OBGYN right away.

Thankfully, our OBGYN didn’t suggest termination. She said that I could go ahead with the pregnancy if I wished to, but that I could no longer be under her care as my case needed an OBGYN with fetal medicine expertise. She wished me good luck and, on a parting note, advised that we should go ahead only if we could afford the expenses of a momo pregnancy and the sky high Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) costs, which the babies will most likely require as they would have to be delivered very pre-term.

Why Is a MoMo Pregnancy Considered High Risk

We were at a crossroad and had to arm ourselves with all the information available before we took our next step. I began calling up my physician friends and sought their advice, while my husband stayed up through the nights researching everything he could on momo pregnancies. I also joined support groups on Facebook for moms of momo twins, though we did not find much information for momo twins in India.

What we learned was that in a monoamniotic pregnancy, since both babies grow in the same sac and share a placenta, there are many things that could potentially go wrong:

• Without a separating membrane, the umbilical cords could get entangled or compressed, cutting off blood flow to and demise of one or both babies. Fetal death, usually of both babies, occurs in 70% cases.
• Twin to twin transfusion syndrome [TTTS] is also common. In this condition, one twin receives more blood flow and the other receives less.
• The risk of congenital anomalies is much higher in monoamniotic pregancies than in other types of multiple or single pregnancies.
• Extremely premature delivery, which is a given in case of a monoamniotic pregnancy, brings its share of complications and risks.

In most developed countries, if you are expecting momo twins, you are hospitalised between 24-28 weeks and remain in-patient until the babies are delivered. This is required as the mother and babies are continuously monitored. Now, this is not easy—for the mother or for her immediate family, especially her older kids, if any.

Seeking a Second Opinion

All this overload of information seemed too much and we decided to seek a second opinion from a trusted expert. That’s when my husband suggested that we meet Dr C, an OBGYN whom I had consulted once in the past.

The next morning, I made a call to a gynaec friend in Mumbai, who encouraged me to go ahead with the pregnancy, warning me that it was going to be a bumpy road and I should immediately get myself under the care of a fetal medical expert. As luck would have it, she too suggested Dr C, the same OBGYN my husband had said we should meet.

Meeting Our OBGYN and Planning the Way Forward

Dr C, who was a fetal medicine expert, first decided to repeat the NT scan to confirm whether this was indeed a momo pregnancy. The scan confirmed two healthy babies and no separating membrane. He also identified cord entanglement on a color Doppler, which crushed any doubts of this being a Mo/Di [monochorionic diamniotic] pregnancy.

Dr C said I could deliver in his maternity hospital, and the babies could be managed in their NBSU [Newborn Stabilisation Unit]. However, in case they need ventilator support, they will have to be moved to a hospital with level-III NICU. To my absolute relief, he informed that there was no need for me to go inpatient at 28 weeks, provided we follow the plan he outlined.

The Plan: How I Managed My MoMo pregnancy

Here’s what my OBGYN recommended to me:

• I would have to undergo ultrasound scans every two weeks until delivery.
• I would be on a low dose aspirin daily to manage the risk of pregnancy induced. hypertension [high blood pressure] and preeclempsia.
• My delivery would be at about 32 weeks, via C-section.
• I would be required to take dexa injections before delivery — because my babies were going to be delivered several weeks before their full term, their lungs would be underdeveloped. These injections would provide a boost to the development of their lungs.
• I would be administered magnesium sulphate [MgS04] before delivery, to protect our  babies’ brains.

While our doctor kept reassuring us that he knew what he was doing, my husband and I were well aware of our situation and the fact that the consequences of our decision would have to be borne by us, not our OBGYN.

Staying Calm During a MoMo pregnancy

Here’s how my husband and I managed to stay calm clear-headed during our momo pregnancy:

• We made sure that we both fully understood and accepted the risks associated with this pregnancy.
• Despite the COVID-19 pandemic and the stringent lockdown in India, we agreed to undergo scans every two weeks, or even more frequently when the doctors recommended, so that the pregnancy could be monitored closely.
• We decided to take it one scan at a time. Since there was a high chance of things going wrong at anytime during the term, we were prepared to take some tough decisions if it came to that.
• We stayed positive and, with every passing day, fell more in love with our babies—but we also gave ourselves and each other a reality check frequently.
• This was difficult, but we agreed not to go ahead with the pregnancy if the scans revealed that the babies had any serious abnormalities. We agreed that it would be unfair to bring babies into the world only for them to suffer—this was our personal conviction. We knew that as per the Indian law we could only terminate until 20 weeks (it’s now changed to 24 weeks.) Of course, this would have been a very painful decision for us, but in such situations, time is of essence. We wanted to be clear about what the other wanted, right from the start so that there is no conflict later.
• We kept the news of the twin pregnancy hidden even from immediate family, because we wanted to be able to take our decisions rationally and independently, without any additional emotional baggage or pressures.
• Early on, we sought an estimate on expected costs and calculated whether this fit in our financial plans. Unlike many developed countries, pregnancy expenses in India are not covered by insurance. Multiple expensive scans, longer post-delivery hospital stay and NICU costs can make a monochorionic monoamniotic pregnancy in India an exorbitant affair and we didn’t want surprises for which we were unprepared.

When Is the Best Time to Deliver MoMo Twins

Momo babies are typically delivered between 32 – 34 weeks. This often implies that the babies might spend some time in an NICU. Depending on which part of the world you live in,

• you may be required to check into to a maternity hospital after around 28 weeks for continuous monitoring till delivery or
• you may be asked to get a scan done every two weeks, and more frequently as the term progresses.

Either way, this is absolutely crucial in a momo pregnancy and should be adhered to, without any reluctance. I met Dr C every two weeks for a detailed scan and follow up. From 28 weeks onward, the scans were done every week and sometimes twice a week. During the last eight days, a scan was repeated almost every alternate day.

A few studies have determined that the best time to deliver momo twins is 32 weeks + 4 days—this is when the risk of underdevelopment of babies’ organs is lowest while the risks of cord entanglement and TTTS are not yet severe. So, quite appropriately, my C-section was scheduled at 32 weeks and 4 days, under spinal anesthesia.

A team of neonatologists and pediatricians were present in the operation theater. Since the hospital I was delivering at was equipped with an NBSU, if my babies had any breathing difficulty and needed a ventilator, they would have to be moved to a hospital with NICU right away. Dr C ensured that the logistical arrangements for this had been made, with an ambulance on stand-by and a team of neonatal experts waiting at the other hospital. My surgery was strategically scheduled for a Sunday morning, since traffic would be minimal and we would save on travel time between hospitals.

A Happy Ending and a New Beginning

Our miracle culminated in loud cries of both my babies as soon as they were delivered—and in that moment I knew that they are fine and will not need a ventilator or an NICU. Danger averted!

My twin girls were born at 1500g [3.3lbs] and 1700g [3.7lbs] respectively. They were absolutely healthy and spent only 12 days in the NBSU, mainly for establishing feeding and for general observation. For the first two days they were exclusively fed formula. Once I was able to express breast milk [third day onward], the nurses would feed it to my babies using a spoon. While in the hospital, though my babies were not with me in my room, I was encouraged to spend as much time with them as I could manage, even though it was physically draining, considering that I was still recovering from a complicated C-section and preeclampsia.

My babies turned one a couple of months back and have brought us indescribable joy, notwithstanding the stress associated with momo pregnancy and delivery as well as caring for two pre-term infants.

In the end, I am grateful that everything worked out wonderfully for us, but I also understand from first-hand experience that a monochorionic-monoamniotic pregnancy and delivery can be terrifying for the expecting parents and their families. Despite encountering discouragement from well-meaning others, my husband and I relied on our conviction that life often defies the odds. I do hope my story offers hope (and much needed information) to help you stay calm and deal with it one day at a time.

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This story is one of the many that I encounter. Even with a healthy pregnancy, many expectant mothers experience anxiety bordering on panic. She could be overjoyed and looking forward to the arrival of her newborn and yet be riddled with doubt about her ability as a mother. The timing of the pregnancy may have an impact, too. It could mean cutting down on work or even resigning, financial setbacks and not to mention the frustration of lagging behind in your career.

It is natural that pregnant women will be concerned about the safety of their unborn child. And we would think that cutting edge medical imagery should help calm the nerves. Yet, paradoxically, in many cases the aggressive and often mandatory testing throws up more doubts about the health of the child. Ultrasounds and 3D imaging have an important role to play in managing the complications of pregnancy. But, they also increase the stress in parents. I often come across pregnant women who have whipped themselves into a panic over test results which showed only a modicum of deviation from normal. No amount of explanation will calm them down. One woman repeatedly ran to her obstetrician the moment she felt that she could not sense the baby’s movements.

In many cases the aggressive and often mandatory testing throws up more doubts about the health of the child

Otherwise stable and intelligent women seem to become puddles of anxious anticipation during pregnancy. I don’t blame them. Being responsible for a little being within you without having consistent and continuous access to what’s happening inside can be scary. However if this is not addressed during pregnancy, the depression may continue even after delivery and take the form of post partum depression.

Do we blame it on the hormones?

A lot of these emotional reactions are often a result of increasing levels of oestrogen and progesterone. Pregnancy is a hormonal circus. Hormones work their magic to help us conceive, keep the baby healthy, aid in labour, delivery and in nursing our child. The downside is that they also make us moody… very moody. A pregnant woman could wake up happy and, in a matter of minutes, could get downright cranky because the tea that was lovingly made by her partner did not turn out to her liking. Hormones can make us more prone to anxiety and panic.

Hormonal changes during pregnancy may also cause fluid retention, weight gain and hyperpigmentation of the face, neck and inner thighs. These unsightly changes can further have a depressing effect on a woman’s mood. To add to it, if the husband is unaware of what changes to expect and how to respond to his wife, she could wrongly perceive it as lack of support. Pregnancy jokes made by insensitive friends don’t help matters either—and the expectant mother ends up with the perfect recipe for depression.

Otherwise stable and intelligent women seem to become puddles of anxious anticipation during pregnancy

Feeling overwhelmed

Depression could be physiological, brought on by the hormonal variations or could be a result of feeling overwhelmed with the whole gamut of changes brought on by the pregnancy with no access to coping techniques. Some of the other precipitating factors could be complications in the previous pregnancy or even a previous miscarriage, physical or emotional abuse, infertility, low income, stressful life events such as death, moving homes, work pressure or divorce.

Whatever the cause, depression during pregnancy is common and unfortunately very easily dismissed by doctors and family members alike. Often, the pregnant lady is told that it will go away after she takes one look at the baby. The truth is far from it. If the depression is not managed well, it can continue even after the baby arrives. Depression during pregnancy is characterised by crying spells, restlessness, preoccupation with negative thoughts, mood swings, trouble concentrating, poor or excessive sleep and appetite and constant and extreme fatigue which may continue well after the baby is born.

If the depression is not managed well, it can continue even after the baby arrives

So what can you do?

Here are nine tips that can help you prevent or manage the emotional upheavals associated with pregnancy.

1. Assess your readiness as a couple to have the child. Is your marriage on sound footing? Have both of you spoken about and found a resolution/compromise to the issues you have with each other? Are you having a baby because you want one or is it family pressure that you are yielding to? Having this conversation with yourself and with your spouse can clarify the thoughts behind you seeking or going ahead with parenthood. The more ready you are, the more accepting you will be of the changes involved and the more motivated you will be to seek solutions to the accompanying emotional upheaval.
2. Become part of a pre-natal class. It will make you more aware about the different issues involved in pregnancy—physical, emotional and medical. The pre-natal class will also equip you with skills to cope with the changes during gestation.
3. Make sure you plan your day in a way that allows you to get adequate sleep and rest. Packing your day from daybreak till bedtime will only tire you physically and mentally. Remember that ‘You come first’.
4. Exercise regularly. Not only does it keep you physically fit but also releases endorphins which are happy hormones that work to elevate your mood. Meditate regularly.
5. Plan at least one activity every day that gives you pleasure. It could be gardening, reading, going for a drive, watching a favourite show or listening to your favourite music. Or some music specially suited to pregnancy.
6. Avoid seeking information about pregnancy related complications on the Internet. Have minimal contact with people who foster negativity in you.
7. Do household chores as a couple. Doing things together with the father of your child can be an enjoyable and wonderful bonding process.
8. Share your feelings of anxiety, fear or sadness with a trusted friend or family member. Join a support group. It helps to spend time with other expecting moms who might be going through feelings similar to yours. The solutions that come out of these discussions can help calm you down.
9. Do not hesitate to seek professional help to ascertain how serious your depression is and if it will require medication and/or counselling support.

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A world full of toxins

Expectant mothers certainly have their work cut out for them! It’s a terrible truth that we live in a toxic world, and no one is more susceptible developing a toxic body burden than unborn children. In fact, the Environmental Working Group [EWG] recently found 287 toxic chemicals in the blood of just 10 humans. What was so shocking is that those 10 people were newborns! These were babies who had never spent even a day in our contaminated world, and already played host to any number of dangerous chemicals.

A toxin is anything that is injurious, destructive, or fatal. For the pregnant woman, the word ‘toxins’ refers to just about anything that may harm the unborn child: chemicals, pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, household cleaners, and other air and water pollutants…it’s a fairly long list. Obviously, unborn children are highly at risk. The good news is, there is much a woman can do before and during pregnancy for her baby’s good health. Most mothers recognise the importance of a good diet, free of the foods and chemicals that can poison and negatively affect a foetus. One of the first things every pregnant woman should know is that—if at no other time in her life—it is vital that during her pregnancy she avoid as many toxins as possible. This means reducing household toxic cleaners, buying and consuming only organic foods, considering a good air and water filter.

A complete detox

I advise a thorough full-body detoxification programme prior to conceiving. This helps cleanse and prepare a woman’s body for the awesome journey ahead, ensuring that her child will grow in as clean and toxin-free a womb as possible.

Pregnant women, on the other hand, should never undergo detoxification. The components of a good detox programme [even an “all natural” one] can be too strong for a developing foetus. As a result of the detox, the woman’s body too will release toxins, which may pass into the unborn child instead of being thrown out, putting the foetus at risk. Instead, adhere to a sound programme that includes an optimally healthy diet, appropriate supplementation, and life-supporting lifestyle choices.

Common sense

Most mothers-to-be know that they need to avoid some of the most identifiable toxins: tobacco smoke, alcohol and as many medications as possible. But they don’t know why. Consuming heavy amounts of alcohol during pregnancy can cause foetal alcohol syndrome [FAS, the most common—and entirely preventable—cause of mental retardation], miscarriage, and even stillbirth. Most experts will reassure a pregnant woman that she needn’t worry herself sick about that drink she had before she knew she was pregnant. All the same, a mother wouldn’t give alcohol to a baby, so she certainly shouldn’t be drinking any during a pregnancy.

Smoking and pregnancy don’t mix well, either. Babies born to mothers who smoke tend to weigh less, probably due to restricted blood flow, which may also impair the passage of nutrients from the mother to the baby. Additionally, the carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke that enters the mother’s bloodstream reduces the amount of oxygen that reaches the uterus. What this means is that not smoking is only part of the equation; pregnant women also need to avoid second-hand smoke.

Whether or not to take medications during pregnancy can be a tough decision. In fact, most doctors will suggest that mothers-to-be remain on medications while pregnant if their health depends on it. Remember that whatever a pregnant woman consumes is passed directly to her child. Because of this, it’s best for a mother-to-be to avoid over-the-counter medicines whenever possible and certainly within the first eight weeks of pregnancy. This is an important period because the baby’s heart, lung and brain systems form during this time.

This was first published in the Feb 2009 issue of Complete Wellbeing.

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Good nutrition is of paramount importance for pregnant women. In fact, optimal nutrition helps prevent many pregnancy-related problems, including serious complications. Not only will getting plenty of right nutrients ensure that your baby is healthy, it will also ensure that the mother  too remains healthy during and after pregnancy.

Most women have some knowledge of what it means to ‘eat right’. However, many do not know what goes into a healthy diet.

Diet basics

The first step toward becoming well nourished is to make a commitment to do so. Ideally, this commitment would also involve the baby’s father and other family members who can lend support. Pregnant women need to learn to eat when they are hungry, as opposed to emotional eating [a common act that accompanies feelings of frustration, anger, depression, and boredom]. Similarly, it is important that mothers-to-be learn not to skip meals if they are upset or stressed. This is important for women who dread gaining weight. Pregnancy is a time to worry only about what and how much you eat, not how much you gain.

If possible, a pregnant woman should eat every few hours. This does not necessarily mean feasting all day long, but it does mean enjoying a wide variety of high-quality, nutrient-rich foods throughout the day. While a good prenatal supplement can help a woman take care of her body and her baby during pregnancy, it is always ideal to get the bulk of essential micronutrients [like vitamins and minerals] from foods rather than from supplements. In order to do this, mothers-to-be will need to include a wide variety of healthy, natural [and if possible, organic] foods into their diets. Of course, the best sources of good nutrition are foods that are close to their natural state as possible, minimally processed with no additives or preservatives.

Essential nutrients

As with most aspects, there is some debate as to how much of each particular nutrient is optimal for a pregnant woman. Each nutrient plays a vital role in helping the developing foetus. And though it is not often said this way, remember that babies are incredibly effective, loveable parasites. That is, they take from the mother everything they need for their health, regardless of how it affects their ‘host’. If the mother is not getting enough nutrition, for both herself and her baby, then she is likely to suffer signs of deficiency, both during and after pregnancy.

Here’s a simplified breakdown of some of the most vital nutrients, as well as how many servings to have in order to meet the guidelines each day:

Proteins [4 servings/day]: They aid in the production of new cells by providing amino acids, the building blocks of the baby’s body. The body also requires proteins for the placenta. Proteins contribute to formation of breast milk, and are essential for healthy blood clotting. Additionally, protein is required for a baby’s hormones, growth, metabolism, and sexual development. Inadequate intake of protein is associated with toxemia [an abnormal condition characterised by hypertension, oedema, and protein in the urine]. Meat, eggs, yogurt, cheese, beans, legumes, nuts, seeds and nut butters are good sources of protein. Take care to consume only organic, free-range, and fresh meat and dairy products.

Carbohydrates [4–6 servings/day]: Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for all body functions including digestion, assimilation, and muscular activity. Therefore, good quality carbohydrates should make the bulk of the diet. A woman’s body will use protein and fat for energy if carbohydrate intake is insufficient. Before you let that sound like a good idea, remember that this can also lead to a harmful chemical residue in the body known as ‘ketones’, which if present consistently or in high amounts can be dangerous for both the mother and the baby. As a result, pregnant women should be consistent and conscious about their carbohydrate intake. Of course, not all carbs are equal. Avoid simple processed carbs for sustained energy, better digestion, and optimal nutrition. The best sources for healthy, complex carbohydrates include whole grains, unprocessed whole-wheat pastas, seeds, and a variety of starchy vegetables like potatoes, squashes, and beets.

Fats [2 servings/day]: Fats are a necessary part of the diet for any person, pregnant or not. Steer clear of trans-fats [hydrogenated and partially hydrogenated oils] and saturated fats Have monounsaturated fats, and watch your polyunsaturated fat intake. I approached a friend of mine, Shannan Kirchner, MD, and asked if she had any sage advice for pregnant women. Dr Kirchner spoke of a new research that indicated the incredible benefits associated with an increased intake of omega-3 fatty acids during pregnancy. Numerous studies, websites and researchers confirm that omega-3 fatty acids help—among other things—to develop the eyes and the brains of unborn babies.

One way to supplement the diet with healthy fats is to take one tablespoon of fat daily in the form of a pure vegetable oil [unrefined, cold-pressed oil], as well as foods rich in this nutrient. Nuts, seeds, and vegetable oils are good sources of quality fats. Alternately, both evening primrose oil and high-quality fish oil supplements help get a balance of both omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.

Calcium foods [4 servings/day]: Calcium is an important essential mineral. It aids in the baby’s skeletal development and helps with the growth of healthy nerves, muscles, and heart tissue. A deficiency of calcium in the pregnant woman’s diet may result in muscle cramps, backache, high blood pressure, intense labour, osteoporosis, tooth problems and pre-eclampsia [hypertension and fluid retention]. Also, calcium and magnesium work together. Therefore, a pregnant woman must opt for calcium supplements that include magnesium. Calcium sources include dairy products, spinach and other dark leafy greens, legumes, broccoli, enriched-soy and -rice drinks and juices. Herbal sources are alfalfa, dandelion, kelp, and dulse. Remember, the safest dairy products will be organic, and not from cows treated with hormones.

Folate/Folic Acid [400–800mcg/day]: Folic acid is a synthetic form of folate [vitamin B] essential particularly during pregnancy and infancy when there is an increase in cell division and growth. As a supplement, it prevents neural tube defects in the baby [such as anencephaly and spina bifida]. During pregnancy, it acts as a safeguard against anaemia, miscarriage, premature birth, and birth defects and hence is needed in great amounts.The sources of folate include green leafy vegetables, wheat germ, nutritional yeast, eggs, whole grains, lentils, nuts, and liver. Of course, it is  advised  to get folic acid through supplements and any good prenatal vitamin contains it.

Iron [27–60mg/day]: Iron is vital in forming blood in both the mother and child. It supplies oxygen to cells for energy and growth, and plays a part in the formation of healthy bones and teeth. It is common to have iron supplements during pregnancy, but unless blood tests indicate anaemia, there is no need to take iron tablets. Iron levels normally decrease during pregnancy as blood becomes more dilute.

Wholegrain cereals, green vegetables, dried fruits, blackstrap molasses, sea vegetables, legumes, eggs, and liver are good sources of iron. Herbal sources include nettle, dandelion, yellow dock, kelp, alfalfa, watercress, and fennel. Combine the iron source with a good vitamin C source for it to be absorbed better.

Zinc [11–20mg]: Zinc is essential for a healthy development of foetal cells, organs, nerves, skeleton and circulatory system. Unfortunately, women often have a lower intake of this essential nutrient than is recommended. Dietary sources of zinc include oysters and shellfish, herring, nuts, seeds, beef and other meats, whole grains, peas, soy products, fruits and vegetables.

This was first published in the March 2009 issue of Complete Wellbeing.

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Herbs that can help expectant mothers

Prajasthapana

This herb group keeps the uterus healthy, making it more conducive to implantation of the embryo. It also enhances the health of pregnant woman as well as her foetus in the womb. This group includes aindri, brahmi, durva, lakshmna, haritaki, amalaki, arishta, bala and priyangu.

Garbhavridhikar

These herbs help in the growth, health and wellbeing of the foetus for the full nine months. They provide proper nutrition to foetal tissues to develop in a healthy manner. This group includes kakoli ksheera, kakoli meda, maha meda etc and all sweet tasting herbs and fruits, anti-vata substances, ghrita or clarified butter and fresh butter.

Garbhaprasuptinivaraka

Garbhaprasuptinivaraka is useful in cases of foetal growth retardation during pregnancy. Ghrita or clarified butter, masha or black gram and soup of radish are used as remedies. Mild, sweet and cold substances help in enhancing foetal growth.

Garbhanulomana

Garbhanulomana has the potential to abort. But these herbs are used sometimes intentionally to facilitate in the delivery of foetus after full term. Kustha, ela, langali, vacha, chitraka, chirabilwa, bhurja, and shishapa herbs belong to this group.

Aparapatana

Aparapatana supports the separation of the placenta, its descent and finally its expulsion from the uterus, which happens in the third part of labour.  This group of herbs includes bhurja leaves, kachamani, kustha, talisha, kulatha, mandukaparni, pippali [longpepper], deodar, ela, dried ginger, vidanga, kala, agaru, chavya, chitraka and upakunchika.

Garbhopaghatakara

This group of herbal remedies damage the foetus and interferes with its health. Herbs in this group have sharp and hot properties. Remedies and diet include excessive salty and sour tasting items.

Herbs that can help lactating mothers

Stanyajanana

These herbs increase breast milk production both in quantity and quality in lactating mothers. This group comprises roots such as virana, shali, shashatika, ikshuvalika, darbha, kusha, kasha, gundra, and itkata.

Stanyashodhana

These herbs remedy vitiated milk in lactating mothers. An imbalance of doshas—vata, pitta and kapha—vitiates breast milk. This is different from infection of breast tissues. Vitiated milk affects the baby’s appetite, bowel habits, colour and form of stool, and activity. This group includes patha, shunthi, devadaru, musta, murva, guduchi, indrayava, chirayata, katuki and sariva.

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